KOREAN LEVEL UP › Korean grammar › -(으)로 인해
Korean Grammar “-(으)로 인해”: Meaning and Usage (TOPIK 6)
How to attach it
A particle attaches directly to the noun, and its form depends on the noun’s last sound. Compare the nouns below.
| Korean | Meaning | With the particle | Romanization |
|---|---|---|---|
| 나라 | country | 나라로 인해 | nararo inhae |
| 음식 | food | 음식으로 인해 | eumsigeuro inhae |
| 선물 | gift | 선물로 인해 | seonmullo inhae |
What changes
- Use 로 after a noun ending in a vowel or in ㄹ, and 으로 after any other consonant (나라로 인해, 음식으로 인해, 선물로 인해).
Explanation
폭설로 인해 항공편이 대거 결항되었습니다.
“-(으)로 인해” means “due to ~ / because of ~” and attaches to a noun to give a cause in a written or formal style (“로” after a vowel or ㄹ, “으로” after any other consonant). The sentence means “Many flights were canceled due to heavy snow.” The particle before “인해” must be “(으)로”; others such as “에게” or “에서” are not possible.
Pronouncing the example sentence
Example sentence: 폭설로 인해 항공편이 대거 결항되었습니다.
Said aloud, it sounds like [폭썰로 인해 항공펴니 대거 결항되얻씀니다].
| Syllable | Letters (consonant + vowel + final) | Romanization |
|---|---|---|
| 폭설로 | ||
| 폭 | ㅍ+ㅗ+ㄱ | pok |
| 설 | ㅅ+ㅓ+ㄹ | [썰] seol |
| 로 | ㄹ+ㅗ | lo |
| 인해 | ||
| 인 | ㅇ+ㅣ+ㄴ | in |
| 해 | ㅎ+ㅐ | hae |
| 항공편이 | ||
| 항 | ㅎ+ㅏ+ㅇ | hang |
| 공 | ㄱ+ㅗ+ㅇ | gong |
| 편 | ㅍ+ㅕ+ㄴ | [펴] pyeo |
| 이 | ㅇ+ㅣ | [니] ni |
| 대거 | ||
| 대 | ㄷ+ㅐ | dae |
| 거 | ㄱ+ㅓ | geo |
| 결항되었습니다 | ||
| 결 | ㄱ+ㅕ+ㄹ | gyeol |
| 항 | ㅎ+ㅏ+ㅇ | hang |
| 되 | ㄷ+ㅚ | doe |
| 었 | ㅇ+ㅓ+ㅆ | [얻] eot |
| 습 | ㅅ+ㅡ+ㅂ | [씀] seum |
| 니 | ㄴ+ㅣ | ni |
| 다 | ㄷ+ㅏ | da |
A ㅇ at the start of a syllable is silent; at the end of a syllable it sounds like “ng”.
Sound changes in this phrase
- Tensing: after a final ㄱ, ㄷ or ㅂ sound, ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ and ㅈ become tense (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ). 폭설로 → [폭썰로]
- Linking: when a syllable ending in a consonant (patchim) is followed by a syllable that starts with a vowel, the consonant moves over to the next syllable. 편이 → [펴니]
- Nasalization: a final ㄱ, ㄷ or ㅂ becomes ㅇ, ㄴ or ㅁ before ㄴ or ㅁ (and a ㄹ after ㅁ or ㅇ becomes ㄴ). 습니 → [슴니]
Politeness level of the example
Ends in -ㅂ니다 or -습니다. The most formal polite style, used for announcements, presentations, business and first meetings.
Practice
Test yourself before you move on. Tap an answer.
Question 1 Choose the word that fits the blank: 폭설____ 인해 항공편이 대거 결항되었습니다.
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Answer: 폭설로 인해 항공편이 대거 결항되었습니다.
Question 2 Which is the correct form of 나라 + -(으)로 인해?
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Answer: 나라로 인해
Question 3 Which is the correct form of 음식 + -(으)로 인해?
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Answer: 음식으로 인해
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